This latest volume in the series Studies in Modernization of the Republic of Korea: 1945-1975 examines the relationship between economic developments and the government’s population policy and its implementation. Against the background of Korea’s traditional population pattern and the baby boom of the 1950s, the authors consider the changes wrought by migration, fertility, decline, and the government’s evolving program for family planning. The change from a traditional agricultural economy with a high and largely unregulated birth rate to a predominantly urbanized economy with a widespread and sophisticated family-planning program is one further feature in the rapid modernization of Korean government and lifestyle since that country’s emergence from colonialism.