Contents
Preface
1. Main Sources and Method Followed in This Study
2. Other Primary Sources and Secondary Literature Used in This Study
3. Content, Goals, and Limitations of This Study
Part 1. Aristarchus: Contexts and Sources
1. Aristarchus at Alexandria
2. The Aristarchean Tradition and the Venetus A
3. The Scholia Maiora to the Iliad and Erbse’s Edition
4. Aristarchus in the Scholia
4.1. Aristonicus at Work
4.2. Didymus at Work
4.3. Aristonicus versus Didymus
5. Selecting Aristarchus’ Fragments for This Study
6. Words and Content in Aristarchus’ Fragments
1.2. Aristarchus on Homer: Monographs, Editions, and Commentaries
1. Homeric Monographs
2. Editions (Ekdoseis) and Commentaries (Hypomnemata): The Evidence
2.1. Ammonius and the Homeric Ekdosis of Aristarchus
2.2. Ekdoseis and Hypomnemata: Different Reconstructions
3. The Impact of Aristarchus’ Recension on the Text of Homer
4. Ekdoseis and Hypomnemata: Some Tentative Conclusions
Part 2. Aristarchus at Work
1. The Critical Signs (σημεῖα) Used by the Alexandrians
2. Ekdosis, Hypomnema, and Critical Signs
3. Homeric Hypomnemata on Papyrus and Critical Signs
4. Homeric Ekdoseis on Papyrus and Critical Signs
5. Conclusions
2.2. Aristarchus and Manuscript Evidence
1. Evidence from Didymus
2. Evidence from Aristonicus
3. Conclusions
2.3. Paraphrase: A Ubiquitous Interpretative Tool
1. Aristarchus’ Direct Quotations: Lecturing with Paraphrases
2. Close and Loose Paraphrases
3. Close Paraphrases: Homer ‘Translated’ into Koine
4. Loose Paraphrases: Discussing Homeric Content
5. Other Uses of Paraphrases
6. Conclusions
Part 3. The Six Parts of Grammar
3.0. The Six Parts of Grammar
3.1. Reading Aloud: The Interpretative Effort of Reading
1. The Philologist and the Manuscript
2. Reading according to the Right Vowel Quantities
3. A Question of Division: Interpreting the Scriptio Continua
4. A Method for Clarifying Things: Adding Accents
4.1. Accents and Analogy
4.2. Accents and Homographs
4.3. Accents, Scriptio Continua, and Syntax
5. Between Reading and Semantics: Choosing the Breathing
6. Reading Aloud: Syntax and Punctuation
7. Posidonius, the ‘Reader’ of Aristarchus
8. Conclusions
3.2.A. Interpretation of Poetic Tropes: Decoding Homer’s Style and Figurative Language
1. Tropes and Figures
2. Criteria Adopted in This Chapter
3. Metaphor (μεταφορά)
4. Simile (εἰκών, ὁμοίωσις, παραβολή)
5. Allegory (ἀλληγορία)
6. Synecdoche (τὸ ὅλον ἀπὸ μέρους)
7. Litotes and Irony (ἐκ τοῦ ἐναντίου τὸ ἐναντίον)
8. Antithesis (ἀντικειμένως)
9. ‘Side by Side’ Construction (παραλλήλως, ἐκ παραλλήλου)
10. Resumption (ἐπανάληψις)
11. Preeminence (ἐξοχή)
12. Reverse Order (πρὸς τὸ δεύτερον πρότερον)
13. Parallel Order (πρὸς τὸ πρότερον [πρότερον])
14. Hyperbaton (ὑπερβατόν)
15. Syllepsis (σύλληψις)
16. Hyperbole (ὑπερβολή)
17. Amplification (αὔξησις) and Suggestiveness (ἔμφασις)
18. Conclusions
3.2.B. Interpretation of Poetic Figures: Decoding Homer’s Syntax
1. Superfluous Parts of Speech (περισσεύειν, περισσός)
1.2. Superfluous Particles and Conjunctions
1.3. Superfluous Words Are ‘Redundant’ (παρέλκειν)
2. Ellipsis (ἐλλείπειν, ἔλλειψις)
2.1. Ellipsis of Articles
2.2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Enallage ([ἐν]αλλάσσειν, [ἐν]αλλαγή)
3.1. Enallage of Articles
3.2. Enallage of Prepositions
3.3. Enallage of Case
3.4. Enallage of Case and Enallage, or Ellipsis, of Preposition
3.5. Other Enallages in Nominal Forms: Gender and Number
3.6. Enallage of Tense
3.7. Enallage of Mood
3.7.1. Ibycean Figure ( Ἰβύκειον σχῆμα)
3.8. Other Enallages in Verbal Forms: Voice and Person
3.9. Enallages Involving Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, and Particles
4.2. Plural Predicates with Neuter Plural Subjects
4.3. Alcmanic Figure (Ἀλκμανικὸν σχῆμα)
5. Concordantia ad Sensum (σχῆμα πρὸς τὸ νοητόν / πρὸς τὸ σημαινόμενον)
6. Apo Koinou Construction (σχῆμα ἀπὸ κοινοῦ or κοινόν)
6.1. Apo Koinou Constructions and Atheteseis
7. Syntactic Supplements (ἔξωθεν [προσ]ὑπακούειν/λαμβάνειν)
7.2. Other Figures Requiring Syntactic/Semantic Supplements
8. Conclusions
3.3.A. Explanation of Glossai: Diving into the Microcosm of Homeric Vocabulary
1. Analyzing Homeric Vocabulary
1.1. Homer as Exegete of Himself
1.2. Glossai Clarified by the Context (σαφῶς ἐκ τῶν συμφραζομένων)
1.3. Clarifying Homer without Homer
2.1. Homeric Greek versus Koine
2.2. Homeric Greek in Line with Koine
2.3. Standard Meaning (κυρίως) versus Peculiar Meaning (οὐ κυρίως/ἰδίως)
2.4. Homeric Words with a Specific Meaning (οὐ ψιλῶς)
2.5. Sharp Distinctions in Homeric Vocabulary
2.6. Polysemous Words in Homer
2.7. Homeric Words with Both Active and Passive Meaning
2.8. Words with a Meaning Arising ‘from the Consequence’ (ἐκ [τοῦ] παρεπομένου /παρακολουθοῦντος)
2.9. Genus and Species
2.10. Homeric Hapax Legomena
2.11. Words Used Wrongly or according to Catachresis (καταχρηστικῶς)
3. Against the Glossographers’ One-for-One (ἓν ἀνθ’ ἑνός) Interpretation
4. Solving Problems through Homeric Vocabulary
4.1. Solving Zetemata and Perceived Narrative Inconsistencies
4.2. Solving Perceived Linguistic Inconsistencies
4.3. Choice between Variants
4.4. Atheteseis Due to Words Used οὐχ Ὁμηρικῶς
5. Conclusions
3.3.B. Explanation of Historiai: Characters, Customs, and Places of the Heroic World
1.1. Homonymy: Same Name for Different Heroes
1.2. Homonymy to ‘Save’ Homer’s Consistency
1.3. Double Names: Same Hero with Different Names
2. The Heroic World
2.1. The Society of the Iliad: Heroes, Kings, and Soldiers
2.2. Social and Religious Rituals
2.3. Meals, Food, and Dining Habits
2.4. Clothes and Fashion
2.5. Money and Writing
2.6. The Dead and Their Rituals
2.7. Sports and Funeral Games
2.8. Horses and Chariots
2.9.1. The Armor
2.9.2. The Shield
2.9.3. The Zetema of the Shield of Achilles
2.9.4. Helmets, Swords, and Other Weapons
2.9.5. Arming Scenes
3. Homeric Geography and Ethnography
3.1. Homonymy: Same Name for Different Places
3.2. Double Names: Same Place with Different Names
3.3. Hellas and Hellenes
3.4. Troy and Troad
3.5. Mapping the Theater of War: The Monograph On the Camp
3.5.1. The Ships in the Achaean Camp
3.5.2. The Order of the Greek Contingents in the Camp
3.5.3. The Battle at the Achaean Wall
3.5.4. The Battlefield in the Trojan Plain
3.5.5. The Gates of Troy
3.6. The Catalog of the Ships
4. Homeric Cosmology
4.1. Oceanus
4.2. The Stars, the Sun, East, and West
4.3. North, South, and the Oikoumene
4.4. Air, Aether, Heaven, and Olympus
5.1. The Gods’ Nature, Dwellings, and Powers
5.2. The Gods’ Epithets
6. The World of the Heroes and the World of Homer
7. Conclusions
3.4. Discovery of Etymology: An Objective, Multipurpose Practice
1.1. Word Segmentation and Phonetic Changes
1.2. Sharing of Letters/Consonants (κοινωνία τῶν στοιχείων/ συμφώνων)
1.3. Reaching beyond Homer
2. Etymology: A Method ‘from Within’
3.1. Etymology and Words Used according to the Standard Meaning (κυρίως)
3.2. Against the Glossographers
3.3. Homer and the Neoteroi
4. Etymology and Compounds
5. Etymology and Interaspiration
6. Etymology and Variant Readings
7. Aristarchus’ Etymology versus Crates’ Etymology
8. Homer’s Etymologies
8.1. Figura Etymologica (παρετυμολογεῖ [ὁ ποιητής])
8.2. Nomen Omen (ὀνοματοθετικὸς ὁ ποιητής)
9. Conclusions
3.5. Calculation of Analogy: A ‘Scientific’ Method Applied to the Text
1. Types of Analogical Proportions
2. Fragments with Aristarchus’ Analogies
3. The Criteria of Analogy
4. The Choice of Comparanda: Homer and Beyond
5. Semantic Analogy
6. The Function of Analogy
7. Analogy and Deductive Reasoning
8. Implied Analogies and ‘Rational Relationships’ among Forms
9. Herodian’s Analogy and Aristarchus’ Analogical Proportions
10. Conclusions
3.6.A. Judgment of Poems: Aristotle’s Lesson
1. Aristotle and Aristarchus
2. A Preliminary Assumption about Tragedy and Epos
3. Aristotelian Theory and Aristarchean Practice: Plot (μῦθος)
4. Aristotelian Theory and Aristarchean Practice: Characters (ἤθη)
5. Aristotelian Theory and Aristarchean Practice: Thought (διάνοια)
6. Aristotelian Theory and Aristarchean Practice: Diction (λέξις)
7. Conclusions
3.6.B. Judgment of Poems: The ‘Art’ of Athetesis
1. The ‘Invention’ of Athetesis
2. A General Rule for Athetesis
3. Aristarchus’ Atheteseis and Manuscript Evidence
4. Main Reasons to Suspect Lines
4.1. Internal Inconsistency and Contradictions
4.2. Unsuitable Lines
4.3. Unbelievability
4.4. Superfluous or Unnecessary Lines
4.5. Non-Homeric Language or Society
5. Additional Reasons to Suspect Lines
5.2. Tautologies
5.3. Repeated Lines
6. Athetesis of Longer Passages
7. Why Should Some Lines Be Athetized?
7.1. The Pernicious Work of the ‘Interpolators’ (διασκευασταί)
7.2. Aristarchus and the ‘Interpolators’ (διασκευασταί)
8. Aristarchus’ Attempt to Recover the ‘Original’ Script
9. Conclusions
3.6.C. Judgment of Poems: The Art of ‘Saving’ the Homeric Text
1.1. Misuse (κατάχρησις) of Formulaic Lines
1.2. Homer’s Epithets
1.2.1. Generic Epithets (καθολικὰ/κοινὰ ἐπίθετα) and Nongeneric Ones
1.2.2. Out-of-Place Epithets (ἄκαιρα ἐπίθετα)
1.2.3. Epithets and Poetic License
2.1. The Poet’s Persona (ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου/ποιητικοῦ προσώπου) and His Characters’ Persona (ἐκ τοῦ ἡρωϊκοῦ προσώπου)
2.2 The Poet ‘Speaks Up’ (ἀναφωνεῖ [ὁ ποιητής])
2.3. The Poet Speaks in Anticipation (προαναφωνεῖ [ὁ ποιητής])
2.4. Homer’s Rhetorical Questions (and Answers)
2.5. Homer’s Direct Addresses (ἀποστροφαί)
2.6. Homer’s ‘Generic You’ (ὡς πρός τινα / ὡς πρὸς ὑποκείμενον πρόσωπον)
3.1. Events Which Happened ‘Tacitly’ (κατὰ τὸ σιωπώμενον)
3.2. Events by Conclusion (κατὰ συμπέρασμα) or in Summary (κεφαλαιωδῶς)
3.3. Summaries with Details and Detailed Descriptions
3.4. Completing the Audience’s Knowledge
3.5. Handling of Plot and Time: Zielinski’s Law
4. Pathos and Feelings in Homer
5. Zetemata and Lyseis
6. Aristarchus’ ‘Judgment’ (κρίσις) of Homeric Mistakes
7. Conclusions
Part 4. Aristarchus and His Colleagues
4. Aristarchus and His Colleagues: Zenodotus, Aristophanes, and Others
1.1. Sources
1.2.1. Zenodotus and Homeric Vocabulary
1.2.2. Zenodotus, Homeric Morphology, and Syntax
1.2.3. Zenodotus, Homeric Style, and the Heroic World
1.3.1. ‘Unbelievable’ and ‘Contradictory’ Textual Choices
1.3.2. Unfitting Characters and Thoughts
1.3.3. Athetesis (or Deletion) of ‘Necessary’ Lines
1.4. Zenodotus, a Careless Reader
1.5.1. An Obsession Called Zenodotus?
1.5.2. Aristarchus’ Attempt at Objectivity
1.6. Zenodotus’ Text: Deletions, Atheteseis, and Additions
1.7. Is Zenodotus Really the One to Blame?
2. Aristarchus and Aristophanes of Byzantium
3. Aristarchus and Other Alexandrian Scholars
4. Aristarchus and Crates of Mallos
4.1. Aristarchus’ Knowledge of Crates’ Work (and Vice Versa)
4.2. The Aristonicus Scholia Discussing Crates’ Views
5. Conclusions
Part 5. Aristarchus’ Homer
5.1. Aristarchus and Homeric Language
1. A Synchronic or Diachronic Perspective?
1.2. Some Diachronic Clues
2. Aristarchus and Homeric Dialectal Nuances
2.1.1. η instead of α and Ionic Shortenings
2.1.2. Other Ionic Features: Omission of Articles, Morphology, and Aspiration
2.2. Attic
2.2.1. The Dual
2.2.2. The Dual in the Embassy to Achilles in Book 9
2.3. Aeolic
2.4. Doric
3. Scriptio Continua and Dialectal Solutions
4. Conclusions
5.2. The ‘Homeric Question’
1. The Poet Is the Same (ὁ αὐτὸς ἄρα ποιητής)
2.1. Who Were the Chorizontes?
2.2. Fighting the Chorizontes
2.3. Some Weaker Arguments against the Chorizontes
3.1. Linguistic and Stylistic Parallels
3.2. Solving Zetemata with the Help of the Other Poem
3.3. Atheteseis between the Iliad and the Odyssey
4. Conclusions
5.3. Homer and the Neoteroi
1. Homer versus the Neoteroi: Language
2. Homer versus the Neoteroi: Geography
3.1. Myths and Characters of the Trojan War
3.1.1. The Origin of the Trojan War and Its Beginnings
3.1.2. Achilles and His Family
3.1.3. Ajax the Great
3.2.1. Atreus and His Family
3.2.3. Sarpedon and His Family
3.2.4. Niobe
3.2.5. Heracles and Oedipus
3.3. Neoteric Narratives Inspired by Homer
3.4.1. Misunderstanding of Homeric Scenes and Images
3.4.2. Misunderstanding of Homeric Language
4.1. The Divine World
4.2. Enyalius and Paean
4.3. The Aegis
5.1. Clarifying Homer from Hesiod
5.2. Hesiod Is Not Homer: The Hesiodic Otherness
5.3. He Got It Wrong: Hesiod Misreads Homer
5.4. Aristarchus on the Age of Hesiod (πρὸς τὰ περὶ ἡλικίας Ἡσιόδου)
6. Aristarchus and the Cycle
7. Conclusions
5.4. Aristarchus and Homeric Characters
1. Achilles
2. Agamemnon
3. Ajax
4. Odysseus
5. Hector
6. Priam
7. Andromache
8. Conclusions
6. Conclusions
1. Aristarchus in Context
2. Aristarchus’ Assumptions
2.2. Assumption 2: Homer Was Internally Self-Consistent
2.3. Assumption 3: Homer Was the Sole Author of Both the Iliad and the Odyssey
3.1. Rule 1: To Read the Text Attentively
3.2. Rule 2: To Make Use of Contextual Information
3.4. Rule 4: To Consider the Homeric Poems as a Self-Sufficient Microcosm
4. Aristarchus’ Assumptions and Rules at Work
5. Aristarchus and Aristotle
6. Aristarchus and Crates, Grammatikoi and Kritikoi
7. Aristarchus and Hellenistic Science
8. Aristarchus the Empiricist
9. Some Problems in Aristarchus’ Method
Technical Terms Often Used in This Book
Bibliography
Index I: General Index
Index II: Index of Greek Technical Terms Connected with Aristarchus’ Exegesis
Index III: Index of the Homeric Words Commented Upon by Aristarchus
Index IV: Index of the Homeric Scholia
Index V: Index of Other Ancient Sources