Contents
Preface for Teachers
Acknowledgments
Introduction: Writing, Argument, and Research
Part I. Your Research Project
1.1 How Researchers Think about Their Projects
1.2 Conversing with Your Readers
1.3 How Researchers Think about Their Answers/Arguments
1.4 How You Can Best Think about Your Project
2. Defining a Research Question
2.1 Questions and Topics
2.2 How to Choose a Topic
2.3 Two Kinds of Research Questions
2.4 Question Your Topic
2.5 How to Find a Topic and Question in a Source
2.6 Evaluate Your Questions
3.1 Propose Some Possible Answers
3.2 Build a Storyboard to Plan and Guide Your Work
4. Doing Your Research
4.1 Three Kinds of Sources and Their Uses
4.2 Search for Sources Systematically
4.3 Evaluate Sources for Relevance and Reliability
4.4 Record Citation Information Fully and Accurately
4.5 Using People in Research
5. Engaging Sources
5.1 Read Critically
5.2 Take Notes Systematically
5.3 Take Useful Notes
5.6 How and When to Start Over
5.7 Manage Moments of Uncertainty
6.1 What a Research Argument Is and Is Not
6.2 Build Your Argument around Answers to Readers’ Questions
6.3 Assemble the Core of Your Argument
6.4 Acknowledge and Respond to Readers’ Questions and Points of View
6.5 Explain Your Reasoning If Readers Might Question It
6.6 An Argument Assembled
7.1 Avoid Unhelpful Plans
7.2 Consider a Range of Useful Plans
7.3 Create a Plan That Meets Your Readers’ Needs
8.2 Picture Your Readers Asking Friendly Questions
8.3 Be Open to Surprises
8.4 Develop Effective Drafting Habits
8.6 Stay on Track through Topic Sentences and Transitions
8.7 Work Through Procrastination and Writer’s Block
9.1 When to Quote, Paraphrase, or Summarize?
9.2 Creating a Fair Summary
9.3 Creating a Fair Paraphrase
9.4 Adding Quotations to Your Text
9.5 Introducing Quotations and Paraphrases
9.6 Mixing Quotation with Summary and Paraphrase
9.7 Interpreting Complex Quotations Before You Offer Them
10.1 Guard Against Inadvertent Plagiarism
10.2 Take Good Notes
10.4 Don’t Paraphrase Too Closely
10.5 (Almost Always) Cite a Source for Ideas Not Your Own
10.7 Guard Against Inappropriate Assistance
11.1 Choose Verbal or Visual Representations
11.2 Choose the Most Effective Graphic
11.3 Design Tables and Figures
11.4 Communicate Data Ethically
12.1 Review Your Paper as a Whole
12.2 Let Your Draft Cool, Then Paraphrase It
13.1 Draft Your Final Introduction
13.2 Draft Your Final Conclusion
13.3 Write Your Title Last
14.1 Plan Your Time (No One- Draft Wonders)
14.2 Revise Globally, Then Locally
14.3 Use a Range of Revising Strategies to Meet Your Readers’ Needs
15. Revising Sentences
15.1 Focus on the First Seven or Eight Words of a Sentence
15.2 Understand Two Common Prohibitions
15.3 Analyze the Sentences in What You Read
15.5 Polish Your Paper
16.1 Two Kinds of Feedback: Advice and Data
16.3 Talk with Your Reader
17.1 Give a Presentation as You Draft
17.2 Give a Presentation of Your Completed Paper
18. On the Spirit of Research
Part II. Citing Sources
19.1 Why Cite Sources?
19.3 Three Citation Styles
19.4 What to Include in a Citation
19.5 Collect Bibliographical Data as You Research and Draft
20. Chicago Style
20.1 Notes
20.2 Bibliography
21. MLA Style
21.1 When and How to Cite Sources in Your Text
21.2 Works Cited
22. APA Style
22.1 When and How to Cite Sources in Your Text
22.2 Reference List
Part III. Style
23.1 Spelling Basics
23.2 Plurals
23.3 Possessives
23.4 Hyphenated Words
24. Punctuation
24.1 Complete Sentences
24.2 Independent Clauses
24.3 Introductory Elements
24.4 Trailing Elements
24.5 Elements Internal to Clauses
24.6 Series and Lists
24.7 Quotations
24.8 Punctuation Don’ts
25.1 Titles
25.2 Proper Names
25.3 Numbers
Appendix A: Formatting Your Paper
Appendix B: Glossary
Appendix C: Resources for Research and Writing
Authors
Index