This is volume 118 issue 4 of The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. Published on behalf of the oldest scholarly society in North America dedicated to the study of books and other textual artifacts in traditional and emerging formats, The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America contains articles on book and manuscript production, publication, distribution, collecting, and reading in all periods, geographical regions, and media, as well as editorial and textual scholarship across all disciplines. The journal publishes original articles, book reviews, bibliographical notes, and review essays.