ABOUT THIS BOOKThis is volume 99 issue 3 of Speculum. Speculum, an English-language quarterly founded in 1926, was the first journal in North America devoted to the Middle Ages. It is open to contributions in all fields and methodologies studying the Middle Ages, a period that ranges from approximately 500 to 1500. The journal welcomes scholarship that takes a global approach as well as articles that bridge disciplines and appeal to a broad cross section of medievalists. European, Arabic, Byzantine, Hebrew, and Slavic studies are included.