New England Puritans from the former New Haven Colony settled Newark in 1666. Their fierce determination to establish scripture-based government in a close-knit township, with community control over admitting new inhabitants, often put them in direct conflict with New Jersey's proprietary government. Newark's egalitarian system for allocating land diverged sharply from the proprietors' headright approach, adapted from the West Indies and Carolina, that rewarded settler use of indentured servants and enslaved labor with larger distributions of land. 

This study provides a fresh interpretation of the founding and settlement of Newark as a self-contained New England community, including their negotiations with Native Americans, formation of godly self-government, gradual allocation of township land, and introduction of slavery. To implement their New England way, Newarkers resisted the proprietary government to the point of rebellion, bringing into stark relief the inherent conflict between two sources of authority, one scriptural and community-based and the other royal and proprietary, and two systems of land distribution.

In Old and New New Englanders, Bluford Adams provides a reenvisioning of New England’s history and regional identity by exploring the ways the arrival of waves of immigrants from Europe and Canada transformed what it meant to be a New Englander during the Gilded Age. Adams’s intervention challenges a number of long-standing conceptions of New England, offering a detailed and complex portrayal of the relations between New England’s Yankees and immigrants that goes beyond nativism and assimilation. In focusing on immigration in this period, Adams provides a fresh view on New England’s regional identity, moving forward from Pilgrims, Puritans, and their descendants and emphasizing the role immigrants played in shaping the region’s various meanings. Furthermore, many researchers have overlooked the newcomers’ relationship to the regional identities they found here. Adams argues immigrants took their ties to New England seriously. Although they often disagreed about the nature of those ties, many immigrant leaders believed identification with New England would benefit their peoples in their struggles both in the United States and back in their ancestral lands.

Drawing on and contributing to work in immigration history, as well as American, gender, ethnic, and New England studies, this book is broadly concerned with the history of identity construction in the United States while its primary focus is the relationship between regional categories of identity and those based on race and ethnicity. With its interdisciplinary methodology, original research, and diverse chapter topics, the book targets both specialist and nonspecialist readers.