"L. W. Diggs was a pioneer in sickle cell disease research. He was there almost from the beginning when SCD was introduced to Western medicine in 1910, and Diggs’s contributions to SCD knowledge and the insights into SCD history through his life story merit recognition.”
—Todd L. Savitt, author of Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia

In 1929, Lemuel Whitley Diggs arrived in Memphis as a newly minted physician from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Rather than establish a private practice, which would have been a lucrative endeavor in a modern city such as Memphis, Diggs took a position as one of the first full-time faculty members with the University of Tennessee Medical Units, a position that afforded Diggs access to both patient care and clinical research, and a decision that would later define his career. As part of his position, Diggs saw patients at the Memphis City Hospital, a poor, inner-city facility constrained by Jim Crow laws and racial bias. He immediately recognized a high rate of sickle cell disease among his patients, a disease Diggs had been taught was rare and one laden with negative racial attributes. Diggs’s study of sickle cell disease would lead him to confront medical racism, establish the South’s first blood blank and the nation’s first sickle cell center, and help define the mission of St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital.

Essentially a biography of Diggs, Blood Picture relates the life of a physician and intellectual with strong convictions and medically forward thinking. Diggs’s career spanned the Great Depression, World War II, and the civil rights movement, and he pushed the limits of medicine and sicklecell research in times of turbulent social change. His life reveals the consciousness of the South as seen through the profession he admired and loved.

RICHARD H. NOLLAN is an associate professor and head of the Research and Learning Services at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center in Memphis. He helped produce a digital retrospective on sickle cell anemia entitled Sickle Cell Disease: Photographs and Photomicrographs from 60 Years of Study.

This first extensive study of the practice of blood transfusion in Africa traces the history of one of the most important therapies in modern medicine from the period of colonial rule to independence and the AIDS epidemic. The introduction of transfusion held great promise for improving health, but like most new medical practices, transfusion needed to be adapted to the needs of sub-Saharan Africa, for which there was no analogous treatment in traditional African medicine.

This otherwise beneficent medical procedure also created a “royal road” for microorganisms, and thus played a central part in the emergence of human immune viruses in epidemic form. As with more developed health care systems, blood transfusion practices in sub-Saharan Africa were incapable of detecting the emergence of HIV. As a result, given the wide use of transfusion, it became an important pathway for the initial spread of AIDS. Yet African health officials were not without means to understand and respond to the new danger, thanks to forty years of experience and a framework of appreciating long-standing health risks. The response to this risk, detailed in this book, yields important insight into the history of epidemics and HIV/AIDS.

Drawing on research from colonial-era governments, European Red Cross societies, independent African governments, and directly from health officers themselves, this book is the only historical study of the practice of blood transfusion in Africa.