Acknowledgements
Part I - The Setting
Introduction
The Empirical Setting
Noteworthy Scholarship
Multilingual Primary Sources
Comparisons and Connections
A note on names and places
1. The Comparative Framework
Comparing Political Economies
The Spanish Overseas Empire
Overseas Colonies and the Spanish Political Economy
Repositioning in an Emerging Global World: European
Conflicts in an Overseas Context
Ming China
Ming China’s Political Economy
Repositioning in an Emerging Global World
Azuchi-Momoyama/Tokugawa Japan
Pollitical Economy – Tokugawa seiken
Repositioning between two Worlds
Encountering the Other
Concluding Remarks
Part II - Cross-cultural Encounters in the Philippines
2. The Foundations of a Global Stage
The Early Modern Philippines
The Islands in Pre-colonial Times
The Arrival of the Spaniards
The Castilian Territorial Model
Land Seizure and Regional Administration
Colonial Of f ices
Secular and Ecclesiastical Administration
Crown Monopolies: Overseas Spain’s Political Economy
The Pillars of the First European Capital in the East
Vicious Demographic Circles
Towards Manila’s Global Integration
3. The Trilogy of Triangular Trade
Junk Trade, Trans-Pacif ic Trade, and Provision Trade
The Manila System
How It All Began
South China Sea Trade in the Sixteenth Century
A Vast ‘Chinese’ Network
Integrating Manila
Integrating the Manila Galleon into South East Asian Trading Networks
Indigenous Participation and the Origins of Sino-Japanese Trade in Luzon
Fujianese Trade with Manila
Irregular Beginnings and Institutionalising Attempts of Hispano-Japanese Exchange
Commercial Gifts: Peculiarities of Hispano-Japanese Trade
The Spirits That They Called – Bargaining on the Spot
Provisions Trade
Connections between Manila and Macao
Concluding Remarks
Part III - Zooming Out: Local, Central, and Global Connections
4. Triangular Foreign Relations
Intercultural Diplomacy in the South China Sea
Diplomatic Shifts between Japan and Ming China
Foreign Relations between China and Overseas Spain
Diplomatic Relations between Japan and the Overseas Empire
Irregular Beginnings
Diplomatic Relations between Tokugawa Japan and the
Spanish Overseas Empire
5. Local and Central Dualism
Manila Trade-related Central and Local Dualism
Hispanic Actors and Trans-Pacif ic Silk Bartering
Japanese Silk Imports and Macro-regional Consequences
Private versus Shuinsen Trade with Luzon
Competition between Beijing and Fujian
Maritime Insecurity and Shifts in the Manila System
6. Local-Central Tensions
Geopolitical Strategies, Intelligence, and Information Gathering
Geopolitical Shifts
China: Taiwan and the Zheng
Japanese Advances in New Spain
Japan and the Philippines: Alienation and Its Consequences
Early Modern ‘Capacity Building’: Transfer via Manila
Ming China and Information Gathering
Technological Transfer: Case Studies from Japan
Concluding Remarks: Local-Central Dualism in Foreign Relations
Part IV - Zooming In: Early Modern Manila and Regional Globalisation
7. Manila as Port City
New Communication Patterns and Early Modern Globalisation
East Asian Human Agency
Intramuros
Parian
Japanese Towns
A Flexible Labour Market?
8. Actors and Agency
Ever yday Life Constraints: Head Taxes, Revenues, Residence Permits
Juridical Issues and Multicultural Conf licts
Overseas Chinese (Huaqiao) in Manila
The Japanese in Manila
Cultural and Social Issues
Maritime Manila’s and Post-1624 Developments
Concluding Remarks
Conclusion
References
Primary Sources
Unprinted Sources
Printed Sources
Secondary Sources
Index