TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
What Are Regimes? - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0001
[regimes, contentious politics, political contention, Peru, governmental power]
The relationship between regime change and contentious politics is complex, contingent, and variable. The book seeks to explain their mutual influence. It also proposes a dynamic causal account of regimes and political contention. It reports the struggle that occurred in Peru from 1989 to 2003 as consequences of more general regularities in the interplay between regimes and contentious politics. Struggles to acquire or retain governmental power involve contentious politics. Moreover, the chapter explains how connections between regimes and contention work. Furthermore, it concentrates on asking how and why political contention varies from one regime type to another, and how contention interacts with movement from regime to regime. The chapter addresses how regime variation and change shape the ways in which people make consequential collective claims: their contentious politics. Finally, an overview of the chapters included in this book is given. (pages 1 - 17)
This chapter is available at:
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How Regimes Work - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0002
[contentious politics, democratic regimes, political actors, political resources, capacity democracy, Aristotle, Dahl, Finer, governments]
This chapter begins the adventure of classifying regimes and their changes by laying out first some tools for the description and analysis of contentious politics—government, governmental agents, political actors, regime, political resources, capital, commitment, contention, public politics, and contentious politics. This is then followed by a review of intersections of regimes with various forms of contentious politics. The chapter discusses regime space as a two-dimensional space: capacity democracy. The four crude types of regime are also addressed: low-capacity, nondemocratic; high-capacity, nondemocratic; high-capacity, democratic; and low-capacity, democratic. By following the leads drawn from Aristotle, Dahl, and Finer and concentrating on two sorts of regime variation: from nondemocratic to democratic regimes, and from low-capacity to high-capacity governments, the chapter then simplifies the work of analyzing regimes and contention. (pages 18 - 29)
This chapter is available at:
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Repertoires of Contention - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0003
[repertoires, contention, contentious politics, incremental changes, performances, regimes]
This chapter presents a discussion on the repertoires of contention. We can capture some of the recurrent, historically embedded character of contentious politics by means of two related theatrical metaphors: performances and repertoires. Repertoires vary from nonexistent to weak to strong to rigid. Each position on the continuum identifies a different relationship between the familiarity of a previous performance and the likelihood that it will again appear in a similar situation, ranging from no relationship to perfect repetition. Strong or rigid repertoires imply great embedding of contention in previously existing history, culture, and social relations. The effects of incremental changes in repertoires identify intertwined strands of change in contentious repertoires, attributable to the internal history of struggle, transformations of regimes, alterations of social structure and culture outside the government, and their interaction. Tracing causal connections between regimes and repertoires requires a serious historical and comparative effort. (pages 30 - 59)
This chapter is available at:
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Repertoires, Meet Regimes - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0004
[regimes, contentious repertoires, regime space, contention, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Freedom House]
This chapter identifies systematic variations in repertoires across different sorts of regime. It begins by describing regime by regime, locating regimes within the space, and then maps out what varieties of contention predominate in different kinds of regime. Prevailing forms of public, collective claim-making—contentious repertoires—vary significantly from one location to another within regime space. All effective rulers carry on some combination of the four strategies presented. Human Rights Watch (HRW), Amnesty International (AI), and Freedom House (FH) provide enough detail to tell the difference among regimes in their responses to contentious repertoires. Vignettes of contention and its control in the regimes of this chapter indicate that locations of regimes with respect to capacity and democracy significantly affect the repertoires of contention that prevail in those regimes. It ends with an argument that repertoires meet regimes in collaboration and conflict. (pages 60 - 89)
This chapter is available at:
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Trajectories of Change - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0005
[repertoires, contentious politics, regimes, South Africa, political opportunity structures, democracy]
This chapter explores regime change, change in the forms of contentious politics, and interactions between them. It attempts to answer this query: when regimes and repertoires alter simultaneously, how do those changes interact, and why? Regimes reshape themselves and thereby alter political opportunities, thus transforming repertoires. Trajectories of regimes and repertoires interact. It closely reviews South Africa's mutual mutations of regimes and repertoires before treating interactions of regimes and repertoires much more generally. A scheme is presented that offers a crude but serviceable model of how regime change does affect popular contention, from governmental change to regime realignment to alterations of political opportunity structures (POS) to changes in contention. The scheme also describes processes that commonly occur when a high-capacity, nondemocratic regime moves toward democracy. South Africa's trajectories belong to a larger family of interactions between changes in regimes and repertoires. (pages 90 - 117)
This chapter is available at:
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Collective Violence - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0006
[collective violence, regimes, civil war, terror, coordination-salience space, repertoires, contentious politics]
This chapter creates a typology of collective violence. It then evaluates how forms and intensities of collective violence vary across regimes. It uses the evaluation to civil war and terror, varieties of contention that combine several different types of collective violence. Analysts of collective violence habitually choose among three descriptive strategies: lumping, everyday cataloging, and singling out. Both civil war and terror include collective violence at several different locations within the coordination-salience space. The terror can be located in relation to regimes and repertoires, as an aspect of collective violence. The public politics of high-capacity, democratic regimes brings together widespread collective claim-making; low salience, coordination, and overall levels of collective violence; and impressively restrained domestic use of the government's enormous coercive power. Less democratic and lower-capacity regimes, however, experience more authoritarian and/or more violent forms of contentious politics. (pages 118 - 150)
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Revolutions - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0007
[repertoires, regimes, Rwanda, European revolutions, military organizations, democrats, capitalists]
This chapter offers an explanation on the revolution. It also argues that a revolution did occur in Rwanda. A revolution involves a forcible transfer of power over a state. It also combines a revolutionary situation with a revolutionary outcome. Repertoires shape revolutions. The history of European revolutions over the last half-millennium shows great importance for the study of regimes and repertoires. National revolutionary situations and outcomes did not disappear in the twentieth century. Data also show that the possibility of revolution depended heavily on the organization of regimes. International responses and economic support for competing military organizations came to dominate the prospects for revolution during the late twentieth century. Moreover, the changing revolutionary processes provide democrats and capitalists plenty of room for worry. (pages 151 - 178)
This chapter is available at:
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Social Movements - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0008
[social movements, contentious politics, interactive campaigns, regimes, repertoires, demonstrations]
This chapter investigates how social movements work. Social movements differ from other forms of contentious politics in their combination of sustained campaigns of claim-making, an exceptional array of claim-making performances, and concerted displays of supporters' worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment. From their eighteenth-century origins onward, social movements have proceeded not as solo acts but as interactive campaigns that target holders of power, political actors and the general public. They combine three kinds of claims: claims to identity, standing, and specific programs. The relative salience of these claims varies significantly among social movements, among claimants within movements, and among phases of movements. Regimes necessarily shape social movements. They also shape repertoires. Demonstrations best illustrate the synthesis of campaigns, performances, and worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment (WUNC) displays. Most social-movement activity across the world occurs within local, regional, and national frames. (pages 179 - 208)
This chapter is available at:
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Conclusions - Charles Tilly
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226803531.003.0009
[contentious repertoires, regime, democracy, international institutions, multinational corporations, contentious politics]
This chapter summarizes the key points and conclusions that were discussed previously in this book. The different chapters have shown amply that contentious repertoires differ dramatically from one type of regime to another. Both governmental capacity and extent of democracy strongly affect the ways that people make collective claims on each other and how authorities respond to those claims. It also demonstrated how new arena, with international institutions and multinational corporations, promises to generate new forms of contentious politics. The location of a regime within the capacity-democracy space strongly influences its rulers' approach to generating and controlling contentious politics. Repertoires and episodes are causally coherent in the sense that systematic regularities across time and place govern their existence, change, and variation. In general, this book has concentrated on determining the causes that belong to change and variation in the organization of national regimes. (pages 209 - 216)
This chapter is available at:
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References
Index
