A Ministry of Presence Chaplaincy, Spiritual Care, and the Law
by Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
University of Chicago Press, 2014
Cloth: 978-0-226-77975-1 | Paper: 978-0-226-64183-6 | Electronic: 978-0-226-14559-4
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.001.0001
ABOUT THIS BOOKAUTHOR BIOGRAPHYREVIEWSTABLE OF CONTENTS

ABOUT THIS BOOK

Most people in the United States today no longer live their lives under the guidance of local institutionalized religious leadership, such as rabbis, ministers, and priests; rather, liberals and conservatives alike have taken charge of their own religious or spiritual practices. This shift, along with other social and cultural changes, has opened up a perhaps surprising space for chaplains—spiritual professionals who usually work with the endorsement of a religious community but do that work away from its immediate hierarchy, ministering in a secular institution, such as a prison, the military, or an airport, to an ever-changing group of clients of widely varying faiths and beliefs.

In A Ministry of Presence, Winnifred Fallers Sullivan explores how chaplaincy works in the United States—and in particular how it sits uneasily at the intersection of law and religion, spiritual care, and government regulation. Responsible for ministering to the wandering souls of the globalized economy, the chaplain works with a clientele often unmarked by a specific religious identity, and does so on behalf of a secular institution, like a hospital. Sullivan's examination of the sometimes heroic but often deeply ambiguous work yields fascinating insights into contemporary spiritual life, the politics of religious freedom, and the never-ending negotiation of religion's place in American institutional life.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Winnifred Fallers Sullivan is professor and chair in the Department of Religious Studies at Indiana University, where she is also affiliated faculty in the Maurer School of Law. She is the author or editor of several books, including The Impossibility of Religious Freedom, and coeditor of Politics of Religious Freedom, forthcoming from the University of Chicago Press.

REVIEWS

“One of the most important voices in the contemporary study of law and religion, Sullivan shows how the chaplain has come to occupy a key role in the negotiation of law, politics, and religion in contemporary America.  With subtlety and erudition, Sullivan brings her reader to the illuminating realization that the chaplain is a figure that sits at the complicated confluence of church and state, an emblem not only of contemporary constitutionalism, but also of modern economic and political life in the United States.”
— Benjamin L. Berger, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University

“Fantastic and provocative. Sullivan takes readers into new territory where we can consider American religion and social life from a new angle. Her strong authorial voice keeps the many moving parts together and makes A Ministry of Presence a pleasure to read.”
— Courtney Bender, Columbia University

“In this elegantly written and closely argued work, Sullivan shows that chaplains of all faiths in prisons, hospitals, and the military today find themselves at the nexus of forces that aim to make them into ‘priests of the secular,’ whose role it is to insure spiritually healthy and well adjusted prisoners, patients, and soldiers—as spiritual well-being is determined by the state and circumscribed by the courts. A Ministry of Presence is essential for understanding what has become—and what is becoming—of ‘religion’ in the United States today.”
— Robert Orsi, author of Between Heaven and Earth: The Religious Worlds People Make and the Scholars Who Study Them

"Thought-provoking. . . . Contemporary chaplaincy programs demonstrate that practices termed 'spiritual' are not unique to the political left or right, and chaplains from a wide variety of institutional backgrounds are grappling with how to provide this 'spiritual care.' A Ministry of Presence makes clear that this grappling has a particular history, and in so doing makes a valuable contribution to the study of American religion."
— Michael Graziano, Religion in American History

"An important contribution to ongoing scholarly discussions in religious studies, American history, politics, and legal studies. . . . Sullivan has contributed much to our understanding of the many ways religion continues to influence ‘secular’ legal trajectories, and vice versa."
— Religion Bulletin

“A dazzling, meticulous study of the interdependence of law and religion. . . . This book is an analytical feat of rare and beautiful complexity. No other scholarship on the topic of chaplaincies explores their legal significance with the intensity or range that Sullivan’s ‘legal anthropology of religion’ exhibits.”
— Journal of the American Academy of Religion

“[A] cogent, well-researched volume. . . . Recommended.”
— Choice

“Excellent. . . . Highly recommended.”
— Catholic Library World

"Winnifred Sullivan’s study is an important read, one not to be missed by anyone who wishes to understand the reality of chaplaincy in the modern world."
— Calvin Theological Journal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0001
[chaplain, legal anthropology, establishment, spirituality]
This chapter introduces the reader to the chaplain as exemplar of the contemporary US accommodation between law and religion, ministering to a citizen understood to be in need of spiritual care. The chaplain, a medieval office with a postmodern mission, is situated at the intersection between spirituality as a religious/cultural formation and a new legal anthropology of religion. On the one hand, spirituality is coming to denote a religious universalism that transcends religious diversity. On the other, spirituality as an abstraction of religion solves constitutional concerns with establishment and enables government promotion and support. (pages 1 - 18)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0002
[Michel Foucault, spiritual assessment, spiritual fitness, army values, Veterans Administration]
This chapter describes practices of spiritual assessment through which spiritual health is measured today in the US across the domains served by chaplaincies. The first section describes the spiritual fitness promoted by the US Army as a way to promote Army Values and as a necessary condition of military readiness. The second section describes an unsuccessful lawsuit brought by the Freedom from Religion Foundation to challenge the spiritual care practices of the Veterans Health Administration as being an establishment of religion in violation of the First Amendment. These practices resemble the pastoral governance described by Michel Foucault but also have an anarchic quality characteristic of US religion and politics. (pages 19 - 52)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0003
[chaplain, Army, hospital, prison, institutional rationality]
This chapter describes the chaplain’s work as both authorized by religious communities and, at the same time, subject also to the secular rationalities of the institution in which she works. It argues that the chaplain fills a gap in late modernity—attending to the leftover human-ness of citizens understood to be in need of spiritual care. The chapter contains a brief history of the chaplain and the relationship of her work to that of other religious professionals. Separate sections describe the distinct chaplaincies of the military, the hospital, and the prison. The military chaplaincy in the US is now expanding to address a more diverse population and to include an advising role to the command with respect to religion in the places in which the army is stationed. Prison chaplains, too, are increasingly required to serve a more diverse population as well as to minister to staff. Hospitals affirmatively endorse spiritual health as a necessary component of good health. The Chaplain is increasingly seen across the domains in which he or she works as the indispensable person serving a universal need. (pages 53 - 98)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0004
[credential, employment law, Master of Divinity degree, Clinical Pastoral Education, ecclesiastical endorsement]
This chapter describes the training and credentialing of chaplains. The work of chaplains is set in the larger context of employment regulation in the US. Separate sections describe the three credentials required for employment as a chaplain: Master of Divinity degree (MDiv), Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) certification, and ecclesiastical endorsement. The requirements for the MDiv and its regulation by state and federal government are outlined. A brief history of CPE and its purpose are described. Finally, the purpose of the ecclesiastical endorsement and the role of the endorsing bodies are discussed. All three requirements work together to enable a public/private regulation of religion as universal and necessary to the work of government. (pages 99 - 138)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0005
[First Amendment, Katcoff v. Marsh, Marsh v. Chambers, chaplaincy, Hein v. FFRF]
This chapter discusses litigation brought to challenge government chaplaincies under the Constitution, beginning with the Katcoff case challenging the Army chaplaincy. Katcoff establishes the doctrine that government chaplaincies are justified as ensuring opportunities for government workers who are posted away from their home congregations to avail themselves of the free market in religion, understood to be the US ideal. Increasingly, the courts are seen to justify chaplaincies by recourse to the presumed universality of spirituality as a non-divisive and therefore constitutionally unproblematic form of religion as well as to the assumed importance of spiritual health to national well-being. US law with respect to religious freedom is set in a larger comparative context. (pages 139 - 172)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

- Winnifred Fallers Sullivan
DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226145594.003.0006
[ministry of presence, Charles de Foucauld, incarnation]
This chapter describes the genealogy, definition, and phenomenology of the ministry of presence as a contemporary form of religious ministry common across different religious communities. Resonances with Christian theological doctrines and devotional practice connected with notions of eucharist and incarnation founded in the French mystical tradition are explored. Also considered are political critiques of the ministry of presence as a quietist form of ministry. (pages 173 - 192)
This chapter is available at:
    https://academic.oup.com/chica...

Afterword

Appendix: Armed Forces Chaplains Board Endorsers

Selected Bibliography

Index