“Elvin Ong has written an important book that puts opposition activists at the center of the analysis. The book is motivated by a simple yet powerful observation that pre-election opposition alliance building is critical in determining democratic outcomes. But rather than simply assume that opposition parties represent ‘stackable’ votes against the incumbent regime, Ong highlights the numerous challenges—structural, perceptual, and strategic—that can often undermine the opposition. Ong offers a theory about when and how opposition parties are able to coordinate and ultimately defeat authoritarian rulers, and draws on a careful and empirically rich analysis of four critical Asian cases to substantiate his argument. This book not only forwards important theoretical insights for the democratization literature but also actionable lessons on how to embolden and empower democratic champions.”

“This is an extremely original study that explains why opposition parties do or do not join together against autocratic governments. With a wealth of empirical evidence, judicious selection of cases, and intensive process-tracing, Elvin Ong demonstrates convincingly that parties’ perceptions of regime vulnerability and of their mutual dependence shape pre-electoral alliances. The book’s distinct contribution lies especially in its ability to trace and theorize the dynamics through which perceptions emerge and affect opposition coalitions. In doing so, Ong has built a unique theoretical model, while at the same time advancing significant insight of political development in Asia.”

“Autocrats are hard to defeat in multi-party elections. It helps if opposition parties coordinate, but this is a difficult task. In this fascinating book, Elvin Ong details why, how, and when opposition parties build by pre-electoral alliances. Providing theoretical insights and in-depth studies of four East Asian countries, Ong’s book makes important contributions to the study of opposition politics in autocracies and regime change.”

—Carl Henrik Knutsen, University of Oslo

"Many scholars study authoritarianism. A growing number look at electoral coordination. Elvin Ong’s important and meticulously researched book smartly combines and contributes to both areas of scholarly research. His richly detailed analysis of understudied cases in Asia shows us when opposition parties successfully coordinate to undermine electoral autocrats."

—Adam Ziegfeld, Temple University

"Opposition parties in authoritarian regimes remain poorly understood, yet they are key players in the process of democratization. Focusing on the strategic calculation of opposition party coordination, Ong provides an extraordinary contribution to the comparative democratization literature. Anyone interested in authoritarian elections anywhere will find this book hugely relevant.”

—Michael Wahman, Michigan State University

"Opposition parties in authoritarian regimes remain poorly understood, yet they are key players in the process of democratization. Focusing on the strategic calculation of opposition party coordination, Ong provides an extraordinary contribution to the comparative democratization literature. Anyone interested in authoritarian elections anywhere will find this book hugely relevant.”

—Michael Wahman, Michigan State University

“Elvin Ong has written an important book that puts opposition activists at the center of the analysis. The book is motivated by a simple yet powerful observation that pre-election opposition alliance building is critical in determining democratic outcomes. But rather than simply assume that opposition parties represent ‘stackable’ votes against the incumbent regime, Ong highlights the numerous challenges—structural, perceptual, and strategic—that can often undermine the opposition. Ong offers a theory about when and how opposition parties are able to coordinate and ultimately defeat authoritarian rulers, and draws on a careful and empirically rich analysis of four critical Asian cases to substantiate his argument. This book not only forwards important theoretical insights for the democratization literature but also actionable lessons on how to embolden and empower democratic champions.”

“This is an extremely original study that explains why opposition parties do or do not join together against autocratic governments. With a wealth of empirical evidence, judicious selection of cases, and intensive process-tracing, Elvin Ong demonstrates convincingly that parties’ perceptions of regime vulnerability and of their mutual dependence shape pre-electoral alliances. The book’s distinct contribution lies especially in its ability to trace and theorize the dynamics through which perceptions emerge and affect opposition coalitions. In doing so, Ong has built a unique theoretical model, while at the same time advancing significant insight of political development in Asia.”

“Autocrats are hard to defeat in multi-party elections. It helps if opposition parties coordinate, but this is a difficult task. In this fascinating book, Elvin Ong details why, how, and when opposition parties build by pre-electoral alliances. Providing theoretical insights and in-depth studies of four East Asian countries, Ong’s book makes important contributions to the study of opposition politics in autocracies and regime change.”

—Carl Henrik Knutsen, University of Oslo

"Many scholars study authoritarianism. A growing number look at electoral coordination. Elvin Ong’s important and meticulously researched book smartly combines and contributes to both areas of scholarly research. His richly detailed analysis of understudied cases in Asia shows us when opposition parties successfully coordinate to undermine electoral autocrats."

—Adam Ziegfeld, Temple University