Unlike African slavery in Europe and the Americas, slavery in the Sudan and other parts of Africa persisted well into the twentieth century. Sudanese slaves served Sudanese masters until the region was conquered by the Turks, who practiced slavery on a larger, institutional scale. When the British took over the Sudan in 1898, they officially emancipated the slaves, yet found it impossible to replace their labor in the country’s economy.

This pathfinding study explores the process of emancipation and the development of wage labor in the Sudan under British colonial rule. Ahmad Sikainga focuses on the fate of ex-slaves in Khartoum and on the efforts of the colonial government to transform them into wage laborers. He probes into what colonial rule and city life meant for slaves and ex-slaves and what the city and its people meant for colonial officials.

This investigation sheds new light on the legacy of slavery and the status of former slaves and their descendants. It also reveals how the legacy of slavery underlies the current ethnic and regional conflicts in the Sudan. It will be vital reading for students of race relations and slavery, colonialism and postcolonialism, urbanization, and labor history in Africa and the Middle East.

• List of Tables and Maps
• A Note on Transliteration
• Abbreviations
• Acknowledgments
• Introduction
• Photo section
• Chapter 1. Slavery and Labor in Precolonial Sudan
• Chapter 2. Slavery and Labor in the Sudan, 1898–1919
• Chapter 3. Slavery and Labor in Khartoum, 1898–1919
• Chapter 4. Emancipation and the Legacy of Slavery, 1920–1956
• Chapter 5. The Development of the Labor Force, 1920–1956
• Chapter 6. Ex-Slaves and Workers in Khartoum, 1920–1956
• Conclusion
• Appendices
• Notes
• Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index