ABOUT THIS BOOK

A fascinating look at the anxious pleasures of Japanese visual culture during World War II.

Airplanes, gas masks, and bombs were common images in wartime Japan. Yet amid these emblems of anxiety, tasty caramels were offered to children with paper gas masks as promotional giveaways, and magazines featured everything from attractive models in the latest civil defense fashion to futuristic weapons.

Gas Mask Nation explores the multilayered construction of an anxious yet perversely pleasurable visual culture of Japanese civil air defense—or bōkū—through a diverse range of artworks, photographs, films and newsreels, magazine illustrations, postcards, cartoons, advertising, fashion, everyday goods, government posters, and state propaganda. Gennifer Weisenfeld reveals the immersive aspects of this culture, in which Japan’s imperial subjects were mobilized to regularly perform highly orchestrated civil air defense drills throughout the country.

The war years in Japan are often portrayed as a landscape of privation and suppression under the censorship of the war machine. But alongside the horrors, pleasure, desire, wonder, creativity, and humor were all still abundantly present in a period before air raids went from being a fearful specter to a deadly reality.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Gennifer Weisenfeld is the Walter H. Annenberg Distinguished Professor of Art, Art History, and Visual Studies at Duke University. She is the author of Mavo: Japanese Artists and the Avant-Garde, 1905-1931 and Imaging Disaster: Tokyo and the Visual Culture of Japan’s Great Earthquake of 1923 as well as a core contributing author on MIT’s award-winning website Visualizing Cultures.

REVIEWS

“Weisenfeld brilliantly explores the overlooked creativity, humor, pleasure, desire, and play in Japan’s wartime culture. Her astute and original work opens up new ways of thinking about how we can productively revisit what we think we know about Japan’s wartime culture, expanding our understanding beyond reductionist views of the familiar tropes of sacrifice and aggression, toward a view that takes a sophisticated and nuanced position on the social mobilization of Japanese citizens.”

— David Odo, Director of Academic and Public Programs, Division Head and Research Curator, Harvard Art Museums

“This is a marvelous, smartly-written, and utterly fascinating study about the global culture of air defense in Japan. Full of beautiful, well-chosen images and original, razor-sharp insights, Gas Mask Nation makes a powerful and important contribution to our understanding of how Japanese society transitioned to a total war footing in the 1930s and early 1940s through the prism of air defense. Weisenfeld demonstrates that Japanese fears, anticipation, and even enchantment of aerial bombardment transformed ideas about gender, consumption, aesthetics, and desire. An essential read for anyone interested in the Japanese experience of World War II.”

— Benjamin Uchiyama, University of Southern California

"Book titles often exaggerate the meaning of the volume they refer to. In the case of Weisenfeld’s investigation of Japan’s decades-long propaganda about aerial war, Visualizing Air Civil Defense is an understatement. Her enquiry unveils not only the massive communication campaigns which prepared the Japanese population to war, but also the multilayered strategies which unfolded at the time. Thousands of miles away, unexpected echoes of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti's 'Aerial architecture' abound in this masterful undertaking."

— Jean-Louis Cohen, Sheldon H. Solow Professor in the History of Architecture, Institute of Fine Arts/New York University

"If it’s true that a picture is worth a thousand words, then this illustrated volume tells the stories of an entire generation of Japanese citizens with humor and nuance that will surprise and fascinate readers."

— Wesleyan Connection

"Focusing on the fascinating cultural effects and (by)products of civil air defense in interwar and wartime Japan, art historian Weisenfeld’s superb study Gas Mask Nation investigates the unintended, and sometimes, surprising aspects of a culture of air defense that soon developed its own unique esthetics by the mid-1930s. . . . Gas Mask Nation is an excellently researched, fascinating study of an aspect of imperial Japan’s wartime era that additionally connects with broader themes in scholarly investigations of the Second World War. Readers familiar with the author’s vivid prose and razor-sharp scholarship will be delighted that another one of her engaging and beautifully-illustrated works is available."

— History: Review of New Books

"Gas Mask Nation is a formidable visual document with well over one hundred high-quality color and black and white images. Taken together, they encompass a dizzying array of visual culture and media formats . . . . Weisenfeld’s survey of this complex terrain is clear, authoritative, and accessible, and suitable for undergraduates through professional scholars. The layout of the book is an evident strength. The entire book is richly packed with diverse artifacts of bōkū culture from the 1930s and 1940s, and Weisenfeld takes care to provide nuanced explanations of the relevant Japanese cultural context and terminology. Gas Mask Nation is an important addition to any academic library and an indispensable and fascinating read for anyone eager to learn more about the Japanese experience during World War II."

— ARLIS/NA Reviews

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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