This is volume 86 issue 1 of Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. The Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes is an interdisciplinary forum, uniting scholars specialising in cultural history including the history of art, and intellectual history including the history of ideas. It publishes articles based on new research, normally from primary sources. The subject matter encompasses intellectual themes and traditions, the arts in their various forms, religion, philosophy, science, literature and magic, as well as political and social life, from antiquity to the dawn of the contemporary era. Just as the work of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes is known for crossing cultural borders, the JWCI provides a home for research into the many connections between European cultures and the wider world—especially the Near East, Asia and the Americas.